[مزدك بامداد]

درستی و نادرستی شامل گزاره های اخلاقی هم میشه،همونطور که به فیلو عزیز گفتم وقتی در یک گزاره اخلاقی سفسطه ای به کار ببریم همچنان گزاره نادرست میشه.
یعنی شما میفرمائید "کاپیتالیست نباید کمونیست رو سرزنش کنه" چرا؟چون خودش بده. بنابراین اینجا من گزاره دوم شما رو دارم نقد میکنم نه حرف کسرا رو.

بیجاست، گفتیم که الف نباید ب را برای کاری که خود الف هم میکند سرزنش داوری یا متهم نماید.
چرا که شما نمیتوانید همزمان، هم سازگار با یک کار و هم ناسازگار با آن باشید.
در این جا، ما به درستی سرزنش میستر الف کاری نداریم و برای همین از irrelevance
بدور هستیم. ما تنها به این کنش میستر الف (سرزنش کردن ب ) کار داریم که میگوییم نارواست
به انگیزه ای که در بالا گفته شد. برای همین هم خرد مردم، این سخن را بر میتابد و زبانزد شده.
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http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rfreeman/CHAPTER3.pdf
A fallacy is a frequently committed mistake in reasoning. We can roughly classify fallacies into three main
groups: Fallacies of Irrelevance, Fallacies of Presumption, and Fallacies of Ambiguity. Of these, the Fallacies of
Irrelevance are the simplest to understand. They present evidence that is not really relevant in establishing the claim for
which they are arguing. Before you have completed this chapter, you will have studied ten of the most common
Fallacies of Irrelevance.
The Fallacies of Presumption make unwarranted assumptions in their premises. With these fallacies the
problem is not that the evidence has no bearing on the claim we are trying to establish. Instead, it is that we are
presuming something we shouldn't be presuming. By the end of this chapter you will have studied fifteen Fallacies of
Presumption.
Our final group of fallacies, the Fallacies of Ambiguity, is the most difficult to recognize. They all involve a
mistake in reasoning that is based on a misunderstanding about meaning. Given their difficulty, you can be thankful
that you will only be studying five Fallacies of Ambiguity.
The fallacies you will be studying in this chapter are:

FALLACIES OF IRRELEVANCE
1. Argumentum ad Hominem
2. Argumentum ad Baculum
3. Argumentum ad Populum
4. Tu Quoque Fallacy
5. Fallacy of Poisoning theWell
6. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
7. Argumentum ad Misericordiam
8. Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent
9. Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent
10. Red Herring Fallacy